Water Science

Electronic Oxidation:
Using standard residential current (USA and International 120v 50 cycle; 240v 50 cycle available), our system circuitry transforms the power to low D.C. voltage and low amperage on its titanium electrodes, which have a proprietary noble metals coating. Water purifies from the water molecule itself. The gas form of OH hydroxyl ion, atomic oxygen (01) and oxygen (02) are generated within the sealed pressure line to oxidize the water without using sodium or chemicals. 20-80 grams per minute of oxygen radicals are created from the water (at 20 to 900 gpm flow) and are noted on the following Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) Chart, as accepted by most chemistry text books:

OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL (ORP) (Pristine System Oxidizers in Bold)
Chemical	Symbol	OPR Relative Value
Flourine	F	2.25
Hydroxyl Radical	OH	2.05
Atomic Oxygen	O1	1.78
Ozone	O3	1.52
Hydrogen Peroxide	H2O2	1.30
Permanganate	KMn2	1.22
Hypochlorous Acid	H2CL	1.10
Chlorine (Gas)	CL	1.0
Oxygen	O2	.94
Sodium Hypochlorite	NaCL2	.69
Bromine	Br	.57

Each Pristine system oxidizer is more powerful than sodium hypochlorite, the dominant form of chlorine. The titanium shows no evidence of corrosion, wear or noble metal coating breakdown on installations dating to 1993, and includes the titanium electrode pair in the 5 year warranty on the product. Polarity is reversed alternating cathode and anode, allowing for self-cleaning of all electrodes.

SPECIFIC TARGET OXIDATION APPLICATIONS

Uric Acid, Bacteria, Virus: Swimming Pool 6.5 pH - 7.4 pH

Iron, Manganese, Hydrogen Sulfide: Well Water 6.4 pH - 8.0 pH to 12 ppm

(No chemical regeneration or supplement required.)

The electrodes further oxidize and change the chemical form of nitrites, nitrates and sulfates in well water. Specific removal under wide parameters has occurred with hydrogen sulfide, sulpher bacteria and magnesium sulphate. No chemical regeneration of the filter media is required, and it rinses or backwashes with the source water. Pristine Water Co.'s oxygen systems eliminate odors in all applications while reducing filter change out frequency.

Copper Ionization:
Prisitne Water Co. uses conventional copper ionization (without silver) in two different ways in its technology (110 CU grade or better.): copper electrodes are manufactured in a water soluble, non-chemical or machine oil process.

Point-of-Entry:
In both residential and commercial applications between .1 ppm and .5ppm trace ionization is placed constantly in the water flow. Most water pipe size applications have been addressed. When used with our electronic oxidation, carbonate ions are kept charged so they do not scale in standing pressure lines, and at fixtures. The heat point required to precipitate calcium is increased substantially. Our systems have specific successful history to 26 grains of hardness, (442 ppm) with a TDS level as high as 3000. No pH histories above 8.4 have been tested. PH levels of 5.2 to 8.3 are therefore required. We provide low and high TDS water models for Point-of-Entry equipment, recognizing that the conductivity of the water completes the circuit.

Spas and Swimming Pools:
Pristine Water Co. systems utilize ionization in trace residual amounts for spa and swimming pool applications. Double positive charged ionic copper (Cu++) is kept at 0.4 to 0.7 ppm residual, requiring ionization for a maximum of 15 minutes per week on a 600 gallon spa and 4 hours per week on a 24,000 gallon swimming pool. No constant introduction of copper occurs, and the residual sanitizer in the pool is recognized by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Our standard control box provides ongoing oxidation, periodic ionization, and automatic pH sensing and CO2 control.

Commercial and Industrial:
Sophisticated copper ionization-only systems are available for all industrial and agricultural applications, specifically but not limited to: heating and cooling systems, food and beverage, dispensing waste water treatment, agricultural drip irrigation, overhead spray systems and vapor mist, and chemical spray applications for herbicides and pesticides. Ionization lowers the surface tension of the water, yielding less chemical usage. Calcium is managed in non-scaling form to 155°F under methods of testing approved by ETL/EPA Labs. Alkalinity of the water is also primarily bicarbonate, reducing corrosion tendencies. These principles are consistent with Langlier theory, though not widely known in the water industry. Most Canadian and European water analysis are now measuring bicarbonates.

Pristine Water Co. Sytems provide the benefits, without the environmental health costs of chemicals:
Ozone and Anodyne Oxygen Process are the only known in-line disinfectants that have sufficient oxidation potential to be effective against the water-borne pathogen, cryptosporidium. A major advantage of both the Anodyne Oxygen process and ozone is that they do not create health threatening by-products such as dioxins and trihalomenthanes (THMs) that are created by chlorination. Our systems generate more oxygen radicals in one minute (20 to 80 grams) than most ozonators can generate in one hour (1/3 gram to 50 grams). To compare the oxidizing potential, if chlorine is the benchmark, then ozone is exponentially more effective than chlorine, and the our Anodyne Oxygen process is exponentially more powerful than ozone

The Anodyne Oxygen Process:
Water is 88% oxygen and 12% hydrogen. By the use of low voltage electricity applied to water, the simple process of electrolysis causes the electro-physical separation of water into oxygen O1 and hydrogen which then form oxygen O2 and hydroxyl ions OH. Our Anodyne process creates a combination of the most powerful oxidizers available for water disinfection, at a grams per minute level not available with ozonation.

Advantages of the Anodyne Process When Chlorine is Present (Regulated Water including Public Pools):
The primary benefit to the Anodyne process is, oxidation benefits are obtained prior to Chlorination or bromination. Consequently, most of the oxidation and disinfection will be performed by the oxidizers created from the Anodyne process. Unfortunately, many public waters require halogen residuals under city, county or state laws (49 states require halogen residuals).

The real benefit in these chemical residual waters, the oxidizers with the anodyne process do not promote the formation of halogenated by-products, organic or inorganic contaminants ( including halomines.) In addition, the detrimental effects of halogenation can be diminished or eliminated entirely by the Anodyne process. Chemical expenses (exclusive of finishing, sand blasting, draining due to solid rise or cyanic toxicity) fall 50 to 80%.

Additional benefits are: Reduced odors, reduced skin and eye irritation and eliminating the use of anti-chlorine shampoos. The pretreated water is blue not green and possesses remarkable clarity. Only the waters are treated and disinfected, not the swimmer. When properly used, the anodyne process reduces or eliminates the bathtub ring or swimming pool water line and produces other aesthetic benefits. The bottom line is the anodyne process will lower chemical costs due to lowering the amount of chlorine or halogens which must be added to obtain the required residual. In turn, this will lower the amount of chemicals which must be added to maintain the pH and water balance. Pristine Water Co. draws upon knowledge from several thousand applications' experiences, and estimates chemical reduction of 50-90%, depending on pool housekeeping, local climate, and application. Carbon dioxide is strongly recommended for use in all swimming pools and spas..

The Structure of Water:
Water is an extremely stable compound. It does not easily decompose and it does not readily ionize. Water (H20) is composed of 2 parts hydrogen and 1 part oxygen.

Hydrogen:
When hydrogen exists in a stable or balanced form, two atoms are joined together. This is elemental hydrogen gas, shown symbolically as H2. The two hydrogen atoms in hydrogen gas share two electrons.

Oxygen:
When oxygen is in its balanced form it is O2, or elemental oxygen gas with 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons.

Each oxygen atom now shares 4 electrons with the other atom.

Water Molecule:
In a water molecule, composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are combined and are sharing electrons.

Arrangement of equilibrium positions of the positive and negative charges in water as an ionized molecule:

Ionization:
When electricity is applied to water, electrolysis and ionization occurs. A hydrogen ion breaks away from the water molecule. The hydrogen atom now has only a proton and no electron. By losing a negative electron it has become a positively charged ion.

Ionization of Water:
When the hydrogen ion breaks away, the second hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom remain together, sharing 10 electrons. This results in one extra negative, because the combination has one more electron than proton. This now is a single negatively charged hydroxide or hydroxyl ion.

Ions:
An atom that has acquired an electrical or electrostatic charge is called an ion and can be considered ionized.

Ionized atoms can be negatively or positively charged.

An ionized atom may have one or more positive or negative electrical charges. This happens when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons, thus changing the electrical balance between the protons and the electrons. An atom does not lose protons it loses or gains electrons.

Anions:
Negatively ionized atoms are anions and have one or more electrons than they have protons.

Cations:
Positively ionized atoms are cations and have one or more protons than they have electrons.

Ions in the Body:
Virtually all reactions in biological systems are ionic and essential to plant and animal life.

Everything in water and in living organisms function by electrochemical reactions. Muscles react to electro-chemical stimulation.

Most chemicals, minerals, and metals dissolved in water are electrically charged in an ionic form.

Electrically charged Water:
Ions dissolved in water make water a good conductor of electricity and they are termed electrolytes.

Electrolytic Conductivity:
The measurement of conductivity of water is used to determine ionic contamination.

As an example, a sodium ion is positively charged and a chlorine ion is negatively charged. When combined, they become table salt, with a balanced electrical charge. When salt is dissolved in distilled water the sodium becomes a positive ion and the chloride becomes a negative ion and the water becomes conductive. The symbol for chlorine is Cl, and the symbol for a chlorine ion is Cl-.

Table 1. Common ions in natural water The chemical symbol for an ion includes a plus or minus sign to indicate the unbalanced charge. Thus for instance, we have the cations and anions in: calcium Ca++ bicarbonates HCO3-, magnesium Mg++, chloride Cl-, sodium Na+, sulfate S04- -, iron Fe++, nitrate NO3-, manganese Mn++, carbonate CO3- -, copper Cu++, phosphate PO4-.

Ionization Potential: The energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Ionization potential is expressed in Volts.

Electromotive Force Series: An arrangement of elements in order of their decreasing potential for ionization.

THE ELECTROMOTIVE SERIES Electrode Potential, V At 25 for 1 MOLAL Metal-Ion Concentration
Magnesium	Mg2+	-2.34
Aluminum	A13+	-1.67
Zinc	Zn2+	-0.76
Chromium	Cr3+	-0.71
Iron	Fe2+	-0.44
Cadmium	Cd2+	-0.40
Nickel	Ni2+	-0.25
Tin	Sn2+	-0.14
Lead	Pb2+	-0.13
Hydrogen	H+	0.00
Copper	Cu3+	+0.34
Silver	Ag+	+0.80
Palladium	Pd2+	+0.83
Mecury	Hg2+	+0.85
Platinum	Pt2+	+1.20
Gold	Au2+	+1.42

Electronegativity: Electronegativity was introduced by Linus Pauling in 1932 and is described by him as "the strength at which an electron is held by an atom in a bond," or further defined as: the tendency of an atom to acquire a negative charge.

Electronegativity is: a measure of electrostatic force or ionic potential of an elements' effective nuclear charge on its surface. Metals are considered to be cations bonded together by a cement of mobile electrons.

Electronegativity differentiates the power of one element and its ability to displace or be displaced in an ionic solution by another element of equal positive or negative charge.

RELATIVE ELECTRONEGATIVITIES OF SOME ELEMENTS (Relative Compactness Scale)
H	3.55	k	0.42	Rb	0.36	Cs	0.28
Li	0.74	Ca	1.22	Sr	1.06	Ba	0.78
Be	2.39	Zn	3.00	Cd	2.59	Hg	2.93
B	2.93	Ga	3.28	In	2.84	T1(I)	1.89
-	-	-	-	Sn(II)	2.31	-	-
C	3.79	Ge	3.59	Sn(IV)	3.09	T1(III)	3.02
N	4.49	As	3.90	Sb(IV)	3.34	Pb(II)	2.38
O	5.21	Se	4.21	Te	3.59	Pb(IV)	3.08
F	5.75	Br	4.53	I	3.84	Bi	3.16
Na	0.70	-	-	-	-	-	-
MG	1.56	Sc	1.30	Y	1.05	La	0.88
Al	2.22	Ti	1.40	Zr	1.10	Hf	1.05
Si	2.84	V	1.60	Nb	1.36	Ta	1.21
P	3.43	Cr	1.88	Mo	1.62	W	1.39
S	4.12	Mn	2.07	Tc	1.80	Re	1.53
Cl	4.93	Fe	2.10	Ru	1.95	Os	1.67
-	-	Co	2.10	Rh	2.10	Ir	1.78
-	-	Ni	2.10	Pd	2.29	Pt	1.91
-	-	Cu	2.60	Ag	2.57	Au	2.57

*Values for the transitional elements are tentative estimates only.

Electron Affinity: The degree of electronegativity, or the extent to which an atom holds valence electrons compared to other atoms of the chemical molecule. The differentiation at this point is like comparing apples to apples: 1. Two identical apples in identical size and appearance yet one outweighs the other because of greater density. 2. Two unequal sized apples, each weighing the same because of varying density. Electronegativity is the variable factor that allows for one Ion of apparent equal value to displace another.

Microbiological Control

Microorganisms vary greatly in form, color, and habits, as well as in size. The variety is enormous. In one classification alone, the Diatomacea, it is estimated there are over 10,000 species, each of which has its own distinctive shape, pattern or design. Some microorganisms live only in sunlight, others thrive in the dark: some are aerobic requiring oxygen for their existence, others are anaerobic and grow in the absence air. They may be mobile or nonmobile. Microorganisims grow in cold or hot water and even under ice. Microorganisms when introduced in water supplies, cause a variety of problems. Many form coatings on piping, reducing flow and restricting valves, pumps, nozzles, or parts of the water distribution system. Filters and water softener media may be contaminated and operation impaired. In over 95% of well water installs to date, our systems have effectively controlled mircroorganizims using low level ionization and oxygenating the water with the titanium oxidation electrode.

Disagreeable tastes and odors, may be produced either from living microorganisms or their decomposition. Discoloration and staining may be caused by microorganisms, primarily molds and slimes. These growths are difficult to control and exceedingly troublesome as reinfection often occurs. These growths need not be in the source water, and may be seeded from the air or other sources. Well water containing iron manganese or sulfur frequently have associated bacteria which cause extremely troublesome and clogging growths. Sulfur waters frequently have thread-like growths, which appear on aerators and watering trays. These waters contain elemental sulfur often in colloidal form. This sulfur may be due to the oxidation of the hydrogen sulfide and action by sulfate reducing bacteria, which reduce sulfates to sulfides, and are often responsible for the production of black water.

Destruction, or Prevention of Microorganisms Treatment with copper ionization produces kill rates for the following microorganisms at the following dosages in concentrations measured in parts per million. No scientific evidence exists that microorganisms are developing immunity to copper ions as has been well documented with various forms of chlorines.

Copper Kill Rates

Chlorophyceane	Copper ppm rqd
Cladophora	0.50
Closterium	0.17
Coelastrum	0.05 - 0.33
Conferva	0.25
Desmidium	2.00
Draparnaldia	0.33
E. COLI	0.20
Entomgplprn	0.50
Eudorins	10.00
Hydrodictyon	0.10
Microspora	0.40
Palmella	2.00
Pandorina	10.00
Raphidiiun	1.00
Scenedesmus	1.00
Spirogyra	0.12
Starastrom	1.50
Ulothrix	0.20
Volvox	0.25
Zygnema	0.60

Protozoa	Fusaria 1.0
Ceratium	0.33
Chlamydomonos	0.50
Cryptomonas	0.50
Dinobryan	0.18
Euglena	0.50
Glenodinium	0.50
Mallomonas	0.50
Nematodes	0.70 - 1.0
Peridinium	0.50 - 2.00
Synura	0.12 - 0.25
Uroglena	0.05 - 0.20
Fungus
Leptornitus	0.40
Sappolagnia	0.18
Miscellaneous
Chara	0.10 - 0.50
Nitella, flexilis	0.10 - 0.18
Potamogeton	0.30 - 0.80
Diatoms
Asterionella	0.12 - 0.20
Fragilaria	0.25
Melosira	0.20
Navicitia	0.07
Nitzchia	0.50
Synedra	0.36 - 0.50
Stepbanodiwus	0.33
Tabellaiia	0.12 - 0.50

E. COLI SITE HISTORIES:

The killing of E. Coli at 0.1 to 0.2 ppm Cu has been observed at pH ranges 6.5 to 8.0 over multiple years on multiple sites confirmed by Watercheck National Testing Labs (Ypsilanti, MI), Spectrum Labs (Minneapolis, MN), MN Department of Health. Additional successful E. Coli after-testing has been done by municipal public health inspectors in many states and customers at dozens of sites. The copper ionization residual in the plumbing line is stable to the point of use fixture and is the prudent and proven solution for both Coliform and E. Coli applications.

Nematodes and pink fusaria have been eliminated in sites where chemicals were not feasible, running 0.7 ppm to 1.0 ppm Cu residuals with appropriate filtration media. Such sites include robotic process manufacturing, circuit board manufacturing, and semiconductor manufacturing, which require ultrapure environments. Cu residuals are maintained at a stable level by regular, programmable sampling in the semiconductor industry. Post-reverse-osmosis and nannofiltration sites bacteria control have been successfully operational for over five years.

U.S. Department of Energy: "Non-Chemical Technologies for Scale and Hardness Control
Technology for improving energy efficiency through the removal or prevention of scale"

EPA WATERCHECK TEST Included with Well Water System

OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL (ORP) (Pristine System Oxidizers in Bold)

THE ELECTROMOTIVE SERIES

RELATIVE ELECTRONEGATIVITIES OF SOME ELEMENTS

Microbiological Control

Copper Kill Rates

OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL (ORP)
(Pristine System Oxidizers in Bold)